SENTENCE পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

Affirmative থেকে Negative এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

Rule 1:

Only বা alone এর পরিবর্তে উত্তর বাক্যের শুরুতে None but বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।

Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.
Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
Negative: None but they can do the work.

Note: বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে nothing but বসে। তবে বয়সের ক্ষেত্রে বা সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে not more than বসে।

Affirmative: He is only four.
Negative: He is not more than four.
Affirmative: They have only two cars.
Negative: They have not more than two cars.

Rule 2:

Affirmative sentence এ must থাকলে negative করার সময় must এর পরিবর্তে can not but/ can not help বসে। তবে can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।

Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
Negative: We can not but obey our parents.
Affirmative: You must care them.
Negative: You can not help caring them.

Rule 3:

Every কে Negative করতে হলে Every এর পরিবর্তে There is no বসে + every এর পরের শব্দটি বসে + but + প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকী অংশ।

Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.

Rule 4:

As soon as যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে-

As soon as এর জায়গায় no sooner had বসবে + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর কর্তা বসে + সে Sentence এর মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + সে sentence বাকী অংশ বসে + than + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য বসে।

Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran away.
Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he ran away.
Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran away.

Rule 5:

Affirmative sentence কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত sentence এর Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়। এবং উক্ত Negative এর পূর্বে not বসাতে হয়। বাকী সব থিক থাকে।

Affirmative: He is a good man.
Negative: He is not a bad man.
Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.

Rule 6:

Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে Always এর পরিবর্তে never বসে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়।

Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Negative: He was never late.
Affirmative: I always tell truth.
Negative: I never tell lie.

Rule 7: Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

No other + superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + as + superlative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.

Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as him.

Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.

Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.

Rule 8:

Than any other/than all other যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –

No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রদত্ত verb + so/as বসে + comparative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.

Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him.

Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Bangladesh.

Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.

Rule 9:

Than যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –

Than এর শেষের অংশ প্রথমে বসে + verb (tense ও person অনুযায়ী) + not + so/as + comparative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is stronger than you.

Negative: You are not as/so strong as him.

Affirmative: I am taller than you.

Negative: You are not as tall as me.

Rule 10:

As....as যুক্ত positive degree কে Negative করতে হলে –

প্রথম as এর পরিবর্তে not less শেষ as এর পরিবর্তে than বসে।

Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.

Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.

Affirmative: He is as good as you.

Negative: He is not less good than you.

Rule 11:

Less...than যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

Less এর জায়গায় not as বসবে এবং than এর জায়গায় as বসবে।

Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.

Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.

Affirmative: You are less good than he said.

Negative: You are not as good as he said.

Rule 12:

Too.....to যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

Too এর জায়গায় so বসে + Too এর পরের adjective/adverb বসে + that বসে + পনুরায় subject বসে। + tense অনুযায়ী can not/could not + প্রদত্ত to এর পরের অংশ বসে।

Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.

Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.

Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.

Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work out

 

Assertive থেকে interrogative এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

Rule 1:

অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় sentence টি যদি affirmative হয় তাহলে – Auxiliary verb + n’t + subject + বাকী + ?

Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t, ain’t হয়.

Assertive – He is in the school.
Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
Assertive – You can do the work.
Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?

Rule 2:

Auxiliary verb যুক্ত negative অর্থবোধক Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার
সময় negative উঠে যায়। এবং সাহায্যকারী verb প্রথমে বসে। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Assertive – He is not in the school.
Interrogative – Is he in the school?
Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?

Rule 3:

Auxiliary verb বিহীন Assertive sentence interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –

Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + subject + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

Assertive – He played good football.
Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?

Rule 4:

Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয় এবং nothing থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে আনতে হয়। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Assertive – You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Assertive – I have nothing to do?
Interrogative – Have I anything to do?

Note – Assertive sentence এর subject এ যদি nothing থাকে তাহলে nothing এর জায়গায় what বসে।

Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
Interrogative – What can ruin him?

Rule 5:

Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় Everybody/ everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?

Rule 6:

Nobody/none/no one interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –

Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ + ?

Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
Assertive – No one can beat him.
Interrogative – Who can beat him?

 

Assertive থেকে Exclamatory এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

Rule 1:

প্রথমে what বা how বসে + adjective বসে + subject + verb + বাকী অংশ( যদি থাকে) + !

Note – adjective এর পূর্বে a থাকলে what a বসে এবং a না থাকলে how বসে.

Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Exclamatory – How honest the man is!

Rule 2:

Assertive sentence এ wish থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় শুরুতে if/had বসে।

Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!

Assertive – I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory – If I were a king!

Rule 3:

Assertive sentence এ wish/desire Exclamatory sentence করার সময় এর শুরুতে If, had, o that, oh that, ইত্যাদি বসে।

Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I desire I were young again.
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.

 

Exclamatory থেকে Assertive এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

Rule 1:

Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে -

প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ।

Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – He is a very genius student.

Rule 2:

Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.

Rule 3:

If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত sentence কে Assertive করার নিয়ম –

Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I could fly!
Assertive – I wish I could fly

Rule 4:

প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী অংশ।

Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory – Had I been a king!
Assertive – I wish I had been a king.

Rule 6:

প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Alas এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of sorrow that + alas এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.

Rule 7:

প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.

Rule 8:

প্রথমে Would that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.

Rule 9:

প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.
Assertive – I wish I were a poet.

Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম

Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের জন্যে simple  sentence  এর একটা clause কে ভেঙে অথবা নতুন শব্দ যোগ করে দুইটা clause তৈরি করতে হবে। সেই দুইটি clause কে যোগ করতে হবে উপরোক্ত connectors গুলো ব্যবহার করে। এর জন্যে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মগুলোর বাইরেও অনেকভাবে simple sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করা যায় এবং সবগুলো নিয়মেরই ব্যতিক্রম নিয়ম আছে।

নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো সব ক্ষেত্রেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে :

Rule 1:

If there is an extra phrase in the simple sentence, expand that phrase to make a clause. Then choose a suitable connectors to connect the clauses.

Phrase  টিকে clause  এ রূপান্তর করার জন্যে একটি verb আনতে হবে এবং যদি subject না থাকে তাহলে একটা subject ও আনতে হবে।

Example: 

Simple: Seeing the teacher, the student stopped making noise.

এই sentence টিতে phrase হচ্ছে ‘Seeing the teacher’।  এই phrase এ seeing কে সহজেই verb বানানো যায়। আর যেহেতু এই sentence এর subject একটাই সেহেতু আমরা একই subject ব্যবহার করবো।
So, the two clauses we can get from this sentence are:
*The students saw the teacher ---- *The students stopped making noise.

Transformation এ tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না।  তাই আমরা seeing কে saw বানিয়েছি। দুটি clause এ subject যেহেতু একই, তাই একটিতে pronoun ব্যবহার করতে হবে। তারপর উপযুক্ত একটি connector বাছাই করতে হবে। এ ধরনের sentence  এর ক্ষেত্রে একের অধিক connector ও থাকতে পারে এবং সব গুলোই সঠিক।
The complex sentence could be:

·         As the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.

·         Since the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.

·         The students stopped making noises when they saw the teacher.

যদি clause  এবং phrase এর subject ভিন্ন ভিন্ন হয়, তাহলে দুই clause এর জন্যে দুই subject থাকবে।
Example: 
Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s illness.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his mother was ill.
Or, Alex could not go to school since his mother was ill.

Rule 2:

If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you have to find a word which you can expand into a clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb.

Example: 
Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocence.
এখানে আমরা innocence শব্দটিকে সিলেক্ট করে একটি verb এনে আরেকটি clause তৈরি করেছি। innocence একটি noun, তাই এই clause  টি একটি noun clause .

More Examples of noun clauses in complex sentences: 
Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
Simple: I prayed for your job.
Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job. (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
(Note: Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে extra একটি verb আনা যাবে।)
Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.

For words that are adjectives, you have to make an adjective clause. 
Example:
Simple: He was an outstanding actor.
Complex: He was an actor who was outstanding.
এখানে outstanding শব্দটি একটি adjective এবং এই শব্দ কে কেন্দ্র করেই একটা clause তৈরি করা হয়েছে।
More Examples of adjective clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: I lost the most beautiful pen yesterday.
Complex: I lost the pen which was most beautiful.
Simple: He was a remarkable man.
Complex: He was a man who was remarkable.
Simple: I want an extensive encyclopedia.
Complex: I want an encyclopedia which is extensive.

For words that are adverbs, you have to make an adverb clause. 
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to carry this heavy bag.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot carry that heavy bag.
Simple: He is working relentlessly to finish the work.
Complex: He is relentlessly working so that he can finish the work.
Simple: He was born in the year of liberation war.
Complex: He was born when it was the year of liberation war.

Rule 3:

কিছু কিছু phrase কে clause এ রূপান্তর করে complex sentence তৈরি করার জন্যে কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম রয়েছে। সেগুলো হল –

Because of  = clause + because/as/since + clause.

Example:
Simple: I could not do it because of my illness.
Complex: I could not do it because I was ill.
Or, I could not do it as I was ill.
Or, I could not do it since I was ill.

At the time of (indcation of time)= when + clause + clause / clause + When + clause.

Example:
Simple: At the time of my birth, my father was abroad.
Complex: When I was born, my father was abroad.

In spite of/ despite = though/although + clause + clause.

Example:
Simple: In spite of being a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Complex: Although he is a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Simple: Despite being sick, Robin went to school.
Complex: Though Robin was sick, he went to school.

Without + v1(ing) = if + clause + clause. / clause + unless + clause.

Example:
Simple: Without playing well, we cannot win this match.
Complex: If we do not play well, we cannot win this match.
Or, We cannot win this match unless we play well.
Simple: Without being there myself, I cannot do it.
Complex: If I am not there myself, I cannot do it.
Or, I cannot do it unless I’m there myself. 

Too . . (an adjective) . . too = clause + so . .(the adjective). . that + clause.

Example:
Simple: He is too weak to continue walking.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: They are too strong to lose.
Complex: They are so strong that they cannot lose.
Note: (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)

Complex sentence থেকে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

Complex to Simple:

A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex sentence.

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।

Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.

On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause is called a Simple sentence.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না।

Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.

The rules for transforming complex sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.

Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নিচে বর্ণিত হলো । 

Rule 1:

When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and both clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.

যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.

Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.

Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.

Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.

Exception:

Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.

Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.

Rule 2:

When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the since/as/when + replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.

যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।

Example:

Complex: ‍ Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.

Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.

Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.

Simple: The show being over, we came back home.

Rule 3:

When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of (has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause. 

যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।

Example: ‍

Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.

Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.

Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.

Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.

Rule  4:

When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule: From the beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb will be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.

যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।

Example: ‍

Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.

Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.

Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.

Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.

Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.

Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.

Rule 5:

If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into simple, when will be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.

যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের ‍ subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + ‍ season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।

Example: ‍

Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.

Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.

Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.

Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.

Complex: When he was six, he left the country.

Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.

But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of + Verb+ ing + the rest.

কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।

Example: ‍

Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.

Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.

When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive pronoun.

যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে ।

Example: ‍

Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.

Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.

Complex: When I was having tea, she came.

Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.

Rule 6:

To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is followed: Without+ Verb+ ing + 2nd clause.

Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা ‍ simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।

Example: ‍

Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.

যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Example: ‍

Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Rule 7:

If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:

From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated + to + the rest of the sentence.

যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।

Example: ‍

Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.

Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.

Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.

Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.

Rule 8:

If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too will be used in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to + the rest.

যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।

Example: ‍

Complex: ‍He is so sick that he cannot come.

Simple: He is too weak to come.

Rule 9:

When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule will be followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject’s possessive form + being in the place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd clause.

যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:

Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।

Example: ‍

Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.

Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.

Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

Simple থেকে Compound এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

একটি simple sentence এ একটিমাত্র independent clause থাকে এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না ।

A simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause.

Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with a coordinating conjunction.

Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

Simple sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

The rules for transforming simple sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.

Rule 1:

যদি simple sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে তবে Compound
sentence এ  প্রথম কাজটিকে দ্বিতীয় কাজের আগে উল্লেখ করে তাদেরকে “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে। Sentence এ দ্বিতীয় কাজের tense ব্যবহার করা হবে।

If the simple sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another, the compound sentence will mention the first thing before the second thing and join them with a conjunction-“and” and the tense will be same as of doing the second thing.

Example:

Simple: Coming home she had lunch.

Compound: She came home and had lunch.

Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.

Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.

Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.

Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the class.

Rule 2:

Simple sentence এ “besides being” থাকলে compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” structure ব্যবহার করা হবে।

If the simple sentence has “besides being,” the compound sentence will use “not only..….but also.”

Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.

Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.

Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.

Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

Rule 3:

যদি simple sentence এ “in spite of” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে ভিন্ন clause দুটো যুক্ত করতে হবে।

If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but” joining the two different clauses.

Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never shirks his duty.

Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.

Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.

Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.

Rule 4:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে কোনকিছু অর্জন করতে must কিছু করতে হবে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”

If the simple sentence tells that a person must do something to achieve a certain thing, the compound sentence will follow this structure, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”

Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

Rule 5:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে must কিছু করতে হবে কোনকিছু escape/avoid করতে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে ”person must do….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form

If the simple sentence dictates that a person must do something to escape/avoid a certain thing, the compound sentence will follow one of the following structures:

”person must do….or/otherwise the person will + verb’s simple form…..”

”person must do…...or/otherwise the person will be + verb’s past participle form.”

Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the exam.

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise you will fail the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will lose the race.

Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.

Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise, he will be arrested.

Rule 6:

যদি simple sentence এ একজন person এর কোন কাজ করার কারণ বলা হয়, তবে compound sentence এ প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করে result বা ফলাফলকে conjunction “and” দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।

If the simple sentence states any cause of a person’s doing something, the compound sentence will first state the cause, then join the result or outcome with a conjunction “and.”

Simple: Being guilty he ran away.

Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.

Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

Rule 7:

যদি simple sentence এ “for” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore”  থাকবে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকবে।

If the simple sentence has “for” having the result before it and cause after it, the compound sentence will contain the conjunction “so”/”therefore”  having the cause before it and the result after it.

Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss praised him.

In the above sentence, the result is “the praise of the boss, ” and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work.”

Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.

Rule 8:

যদি simple sentence এ “to” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

If the simple sentence has “to” having the result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after it, the compound sentence will have the conjunction “and” all other things being the same.

Simple: She came here to meet me.

Compound: She came here and met me.

Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.

Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

Rule 9:

যদি simple sentence এ “In the event of being” থাকে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”।

If the simple sentence has “In the event of being,” the compound sentence will follow this structure “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”

Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.

Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.

 

Compound থেকে Simple এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.

একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে  যুক্ত থাকে ।

Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

On the other hand, a simple sentence is characterized by only one independent

clause and no dependent clause.

Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.

The rules for transforming compound sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.

Compound sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

If the compound sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another and join them with a conjunction-“and”; then while transforming it into simple, “ing” will be added to the first verb; thus the first clause will be shortened and tense will be same as the second clause.

যদি compound sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে এবং “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময়

প্রথম verb এর সাথে “ing” যোগ করে প্রথম clause টিকে সংক্ষিপ্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এর

Tense ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Compound: I went there and met her.

Simple: Going there I met her.

Compound: She will go to the office and will do the work.

Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.

Compound: She will go to the theatre and watch the play.

Simple: Going to the theatre she will watch the play.

Rule 2:

If the compound sentence has “not only..….but also”, the simple sentence will use “besides being.”

Compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” থাকলে, simple sentence এ “besides being” ব্যবহার করা হবে।

Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.

Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.

Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.

Rule 3:

If the compound sentence has the conjunction “but” joining the two different clauses, the simple sentence will use “in spite of” at the beginning following my/his/her according to the person+ noun form of the adjective of the subordinate clause + main clause.

যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ শুরুতে “in spite of”, এর পরে  person অনুযায়ী my/his/her + subordinate clause এর adjective এর noun form + main clause ব্যবহার করা হবে।

Compound: The book was long but interesting.

Simple: In spite of being long the book was interesting.

Compound: He was ill, but he came for rehearsal.

Simple: In spite of his illness he came for rehearsal.

Rule 4:

If the compound sentence has this structure, ”the person must do….or/otherwise, the person will not…..”, the simple sentence will follow this structure, “ person must do….to + the result/outcome of doing the work.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must do….or/otherwise person will not…..” , তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ person must do….to + কাজটি করার ফলাফল ।

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

Rule 5:

If the compound sentence follows this structure, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form, the simple sentence will follow this structure, ”person must (do)….to escape/avoid……”.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb এর simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb এর past participle form, simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must (do)….to escape/avoid……” ।

Compound: You must practice hard or/otherwise, you will lose the game.

Simple: You must practice hard to escape losing the game.

Compound: He must work hard or/otherwise, he will be suspended.

Simple: He must work hard to avoid suspension.

Compound: The thief must run away or/otherwise, he will be beaten.

Simple: The thief must run away to avoid being beaten.

Rule 6:

If the compound sentence first states a cause behind a work, then join the result or outcome with a conjunction “and ”, the simple sentence will follow this structure, “ Being + adjective (cause)+ main clause.

যদি compound sentence প্রথমে কোনো কাজ করার কারণ উল্লেখ করে, কাজ করার ফলাফলকে conjunction “and ” দিয়ে যুক্ত করে, তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ Being + adjective (কারণ)+ main clause

Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Simple: Being guilty he ran away.

Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.

Rule 7:

If the compound sentence contains the conjunction “so”/”therefore”  having the cause before it and the result after it, the simple sentence will have “for” having the result before it and cause after it.

 যদি compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore”  থাকে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ “for” থাকবে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল ও পরে কারণ থাকবে।

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore the boss praised him.

Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.

In the above sentence, the result is “the praising of boss”, and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work”.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.

Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

Rule 8:

If the compound sentence has the conjunction “and” having the result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after it, the simple sentence will use “to” all other things being the same.

যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার করে এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল

 ও পরে কারণ থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ “to” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

Compound: She came here and met me.

Simple: She came here to meet me.

Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.

Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

Rule 9:

If the compound sentence follows this structure, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”, the simple sentence will use “In the event of being” in the beginning + adjective+ main clause.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”, simple sentence শুরুতে “In the event of being”+ adjective+ main clause ব্যবহার করবে ।

Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.

Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.

 

Complex থেকে Compound এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম

A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।

Such as, I will wait here until you come.

On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে  যুক্ত থাকে ।

Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.

Complex sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে, compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

 Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

Rule 2:

If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” after the person, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect the different clauses, and future tense will be used in the second clause.

Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে “should” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

Rule 3:

If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound sentence “and” conjunction  দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.

Rule 4:

If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে, compound sentence “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.

Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.

Rule 5:

If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound sentence will use “and” in that place and object of the first clause will be the subject of the second clause.

Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার করে এবং প্রথম clause এর object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

Rule 6:

If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে  তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause  এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause” ।

Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.

Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

Rule 7:

If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি affirmative form  এ থাকে  তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun  এর object form + দুই  clauses এর  মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।

Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.

Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.

Rule 8:

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative meaning, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + the main clause.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে  তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

Rule 9:

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and it’s in affirmative form, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি affirmative form  এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause হয় ।

Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.

Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

Rule 10:

If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence will follow this rule, “very “ in place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that” +so/hence/therefore+ main clause.

Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so” এর স্থানে “very “; “that” এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.

Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.

Rule 11:

If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you), the compound sentence will follow this structure, “Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two clauses+ main clause.”

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে , compound sentence এই structure follow করবে,  “Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main clause ।

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.